Protocol-Level

Protocol-Native Smart Accounts

Three validation layers, key rotation, and custom validators — built into the base protocol without ERC-4337.

Three-Layer Validation Flow

Layer 1

First-Use Validation

Derive address from (version, algo_id, pubkey) via BLAKE3 and verify PQ signature — account created on first transaction.

Layer 2

Default PQ Validation

Existing accounts verify pubkey_hash + PQ signature. Key rotation changes the key but keeps the same address.

Layer 3

Custom Validator

Delegate validation to account-specific EVM logic — multisig, social recovery, time locks, or any custom policy.

No Bundler Required

Validation is part of the base protocol — no ERC-4337 EntryPoint or separate alt-mempool.

32-byte 0x Addresses

Bech32m encoding with PQ HRP — visually distinct from Ethereum, binds to the signing algorithm.

Key Rotation

Rotate keypair or switch PQ algorithm — your on-chain address and identity stay the same.

Custom Validators

Multisig, social recovery, time locks — deploy your own validation logic as an EVM contract.

Shell AA vs ERC-4337

Validation Location

ShellProtocol-level
4337EntryPoint contract

Bundler Required

ShellNo
4337Yes

Separate Alt-Mempool

ShellNo
4337Usually yes

Default Validator

ShellBuilt into the chain
4337Wallet contract-defined

Address Format

Shell0x + 64 hex (32-byte)
43370x... (hex)